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六、電磁閥應(yīng)用
1、2位3通電磁閥控制單作用氣缸:
初始狀態(tài):電磁閥為常閉電磁閥，處于失電狀態(tài)，單作用氣缸活塞由彈簧作用在氣缸左側(cè)。
工作狀態(tài):電磁閥得電，電磁閥P口與A口通，氣源由A口進(jìn)入氣缸，氣缸活塞右移。
失電狀態(tài):電磁閥失電，電磁閥A口與R口通，氣缸通過電磁閥放氣，活塞在彈簧作用下回到左側(cè)。
2、2位3通電磁閥控制氣動薄膜驅(qū)動部:
初始狀態(tài):電磁閥為常閉電磁閥，處于失電狀態(tài)，氣動薄膜驅(qū)動部的推桿由彈簧作用下停在上位；
工作狀態(tài):電磁閥得電，電磁閥P口與A口通，氣源由A口進(jìn)入薄膜驅(qū)動部上氣室，推動推桿下移；
失電狀態(tài):電磁閥失電，電磁閥A口與R口通，薄膜氣室通過電磁閥放氣，推桿在彈簀作用下回到上位。
3、 2位5通單電控電磁閥控制雙作用氣缸:
初始狀態(tài):電磁閥失電狀態(tài)，電磁閥P口與A口相通， 氣源通過A口進(jìn)入雙作用氣動活塞驅(qū)動部左側(cè)氣室，活塞停在右側(cè)，B口與S口相通，與B口相通的氣動活塞驅(qū)動部的右側(cè)氣室為排氣狀態(tài)；
工作狀態(tài):電磁閥得電，電磁閥P口與B口通，氣源由B口進(jìn)入雙作用氣動活塞驅(qū)動部右側(cè)氣室，活塞移動到左側(cè)，A口與R口相通， 與R口相通的氣動活塞驅(qū)動部的左側(cè)氣室為排氣狀態(tài)；
失電狀態(tài):電磁閥恢復(fù)初始狀態(tài)。
4、 2位5通雙電控電磁閥控制雙作用氣缸:左側(cè)線圈得電狀態(tài):電磁閥左側(cè)線圈得電，電磁閥P口與A口通，氣源由A口進(jìn)入雙作用氣動活塞驅(qū)動部-側(cè)氣室，推動活塞到氣缸另一側(cè)，B口與S口相通，與B口相通的氣動活塞驅(qū)動部的另一側(cè)氣室為排氣狀態(tài)，在另一側(cè)線圈不得電之前會保持該狀態(tài)不動；
右側(cè)線圈得電狀態(tài):電磁閥右側(cè)線圈得電，電磁閥P口與B口通，氣源由B口進(jìn)入雙作用氣動活塞驅(qū)動部一側(cè)氣室， 推動活塞到氣缸另一側(cè)，A口與R口相通，與A口相通的氣動活塞驅(qū)動部的另一側(cè)氣室為排氣狀態(tài)，在另一側(cè)線圈不得電之前會保持該狀態(tài)不動。
電磁閥里有密閉的腔，在不同位置開有通孔，每個孔連接不同的油管，腔中間是活塞，兩面是兩塊電磁鐵，哪面的磁鐵線圈通電閥體就會被吸引到哪邊，通過控制閥體的移動來開啟或關(guān)閉不同的排油孔，而進(jìn)油孔是常開的，液壓油就會進(jìn)入不同的排油管，然后通過油的壓力來推動油缸的活塞，活塞又帶動活塞桿，活塞桿帶動機械裝置。這樣通過控制電磁鐵的電流通斷就控制了機械運動。
一、電磁閥從原理上分為三大類：
1）直動式電磁閥：
原理：通電時，電磁線圈產(chǎn)生電磁力把關(guān)閉件從閥座上提起，閥門打開；斷電時，電磁力消失，彈簧把關(guān)閉件壓在閥座上，閥門關(guān)閉。
特點：在真空、負(fù)壓、零壓時能正常工作，但通徑一般不超過25mm。
2）分步直動式電磁閥：
原理：它是一種直動和先導(dǎo)式相結(jié)合的原理，當(dāng)入口與出口沒有壓差時，通電后，電磁力直接把先導(dǎo)小閥和主閥關(guān)閉件依次向上提起，閥門打開。當(dāng)入口與出口達(dá)到啟動壓差時，通電后，電磁力先導(dǎo)小閥，主閥下腔壓力上升，上腔壓力下降，從而利用壓差把主閥向上推開；斷電時，先導(dǎo)閥利用彈簧力或介質(zhì)壓力推動關(guān)閉件，向下移動，使閥門關(guān)閉。
特點：在零壓差或真空、高壓時亦能可*動作，但功率較大，要求必須水平安裝。
3）先導(dǎo)式電磁閥：
原理：通電時，電磁力把先導(dǎo)孔打開，上腔室壓力迅速下降，在關(guān) 閉件周圍形成上低下高的壓差，流體壓力推動關(guān)閉件向上移動，閥門打開；斷電時，彈簧力把先導(dǎo)孔關(guān)閉，入口壓力通過旁通孔迅速腔室在關(guān)閥件周圍形成下低上高的壓差，流體壓力推動關(guān)閉件向下移動，關(guān)閉閥門。
特點：流體壓力范圍上限較高，可任意安裝（需定制）但必須達(dá)到流體壓差條件。
二、電磁閥從閥結(jié)構(gòu)和材料上的不同與原理上的區(qū)別，分為六個分支小類：直動膜片結(jié)構(gòu)、分步直動膜片結(jié)構(gòu)、先導(dǎo)膜片結(jié)構(gòu)、直動活塞結(jié)構(gòu)、分步直動活塞結(jié)構(gòu)、先導(dǎo)活塞結(jié)構(gòu)。
三、電磁閥按照功能分類：水用電磁閥、蒸汽電磁閥、制冷電磁閥、低溫電磁閥、燃?xì)怆姶砰y、消防電磁閥、氨用電磁閥、氣體電磁閥、液體電磁閥、微型電磁閥、脈沖電磁閥、液壓電磁閥 常開電磁閥、油用電磁閥、直流電磁閥、高壓電磁閥、防爆電磁閥等。
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壓力控制閥
壓力控制閥的作用:
1、用來控制液壓系統(tǒng)中油液壓力;
1)溢流閥：直動式溢流閥、先導(dǎo)式溢流閥
2)減壓閥
2、以壓力為控制信號實現(xiàn)油路通斷。
3)順序閥
4)壓力繼電器
共同工作原理:利用作用于閥心上的液壓力與彈簧力相平衡的原理進(jìn)行工作。
溢流閥應(yīng)用實例
(1)為定量泵系統(tǒng)溢流穩(wěn)壓和定量泵、節(jié)流閥并聯(lián)，閥口常開。
(2)變量泵系統(tǒng)提供過載保護(hù)
和變量泵組合，正常工作時閥口關(guān)閉，過載時打開，起安全保護(hù)作用,故又稱安全閥。
(3)實現(xiàn)遠(yuǎn)程調(diào)壓 p遠(yuǎn)程< p主調(diào)
(4)系統(tǒng)卸荷和多級調(diào)壓 和二位二通閥組合(先導(dǎo)式)
(5)形成背壓
減壓閥用于降低并穩(wěn)定系統(tǒng)中某一支路的油液壓力，常用于夾緊、控制等油路中。
順序閥是一種利用壓力控制閥口通斷的壓力閥，因用于控制多個執(zhí)行元件的動作順序而得名。按控制油來源不同分內(nèi)控和外控，按彈簧腔泄漏油引出方式不同分內(nèi)泄和外泄。
壓力繼電器功用:根據(jù)系統(tǒng)壓力變化,自動接通或斷開電路,實現(xiàn)程序控制或安全保護(hù)。
工作原理: pk> pT時，柱塞上升,發(fā)出信號pk< pT時，柱塞下降,斷開信號。
5.流量控制閥
功用:通過改變閥口過流面積來調(diào)節(jié)輸出流量，從而控制執(zhí)行元件的運動速度。
分類:節(jié)流閥、調(diào)速閥、溫度補償調(diào)速閥、分流集流閥。
常用節(jié)流口結(jié)構(gòu)有錐形、三角槽形、矩形、三角形等。由節(jié)流方程知，當(dāng)壓力差.定時，改變開口面積即改變液阻就可改變流量。
節(jié)流閥實質(zhì)相當(dāng)于-一個可變節(jié)流口，借助控制機構(gòu)使閥芯相對于閥體孔運動改變閥口的過流面積。
結(jié)構(gòu)原理
主要零件有閥芯、閥體和螺母。閥體上右邊是進(jìn)油口，左邊是出油口。閥芯一端開有三角尖槽，另-端加工有螺紋，旋轉(zhuǎn)閥芯即可軸向移動改變閥口過流面積。為平衡液壓徑向力，三角槽須對稱布置。
調(diào)速閥定差減壓閥與節(jié)流閥串聯(lián)而成，用來調(diào)節(jié)通過的流量自動補
償負(fù)載變化的影響。
插裝閥
上世紀(jì)70年代初發(fā)展起來的一種新元件，是古老錐閥的新應(yīng)用。配以蓋板、先導(dǎo)閥組成的-種多功能的復(fù)合閥。因每個插裝閥基本組件有且只有兩個油口，故被稱為二通插裝閥。
特點:
閥芯為錐閥，密封性能好，且動作靈敏;
通流能力大，抗污染;
一閥多用，易組成各式系統(tǒng)，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊。
特別對大流量及非礦物油介質(zhì)的場合，優(yōu)點更為突出。
插裝閥基本組件由閥芯、閥套、彈簀和密封圈組成。根據(jù)用途不同分為方向閥組件、壓力閥組件和流量閥組件。
插裝閥的應(yīng)用
單向閥
將方向閥組件的控制口通過閥塊和蓋板上的通道與油口A或B直接溝通，可組成單向閥。
二通閥
由一個二位三通電磁滑閥控制方向閥組件控制腔的通油方式，可組成二位二通閥。
三通閥
由兩個方向閥組件并聯(lián)而成，對外形成-一個壓力油口、-一個工作油口和一一個回油口。三通插裝閥的工作狀態(tài)數(shù)取決于先導(dǎo)換向閥的工作位置數(shù)。
四通閥由兩個三通閥并聯(lián)而成。
疊加閥以板式閥為基礎(chǔ)，每個疊加閥不僅起到單個閥的功能，而且還溝通閥與閥的流道。換向閥安裝在最上方，對外連接油口開在最下邊的底板上，其他的閥通過螺栓連接在換向閥和底板之間。
