編碼器是一種將旋轉(zhuǎn)位移轉(zhuǎn)換成一串?dāng)?shù)字脈沖信號(hào)的旋轉(zhuǎn)式傳感器，這些脈沖能用來(lái)控制角位移，如果編碼器與齒輪條或螺旋絲杠結(jié)合在一起，也可用于測(cè)量直線位移。編碼器產(chǎn)生電信號(hào)后由數(shù)控制置CNC、可編程邏輯控制器PLC、控制系統(tǒng)等來(lái)處理。
這些傳感器主要應(yīng)用在下列方面：機(jī)床、材料加工、電動(dòng)機(jī)反饋系統(tǒng)以及測(cè)量和控制設(shè)備。在ELTRA編碼器中角位移的轉(zhuǎn)換采用了光電掃描原理。讀數(shù)系統(tǒng)是基于徑向分度盤(pán)的旋轉(zhuǎn)，該分度由交替的透光窗口和不透光窗口構(gòu)成的。此系統(tǒng)全部用一個(gè)紅外光源垂直照射，這樣光就把盤(pán)子上的圖像投射到接收器表面上，該接收器覆蓋著一層光柵，稱(chēng)為準(zhǔn)直儀，它具有和光盤(pán)相同的窗口。
接收器的工作是感受光盤(pán)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)所產(chǎn)生的光變化，然后將光變化轉(zhuǎn)換成相應(yīng)的電變化。一般地，旋轉(zhuǎn)編碼器也能得到一個(gè)速度信號(hào)，這個(gè)信號(hào)要反饋給變頻器，從而調(diào)節(jié)變頻器的輸出數(shù)據(jù)。
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