訪談人物：王湖冬， 1987年出生，2007年參軍，在中央警衛(wèi)團(tuán)服役8年， 2015年退役后，放棄了在北京工作的良好機(jī)會(huì)，帶著一份對(duì)家鄉(xiāng)難舍的情懷開始創(chuàng)業(yè)?，F(xiàn)為四川省農(nóng)村發(fā)展促進(jìn)會(huì)花椒專業(yè)委員會(huì)副主任、南部縣東華勝農(nóng)民專業(yè)合作社負(fù)責(zé)人、花椒種植大戶。
溫工：18265677210
劉工：15767855089
(圖片來源：圖片由受訪者提供)
小農(nóng)人跟隨采編團(tuán)隊(duì)見到王湖冬時(shí)，他剛從南充趕到成都，被陽光曬黑的臉上還帶著一絲疲憊。但這并不妨礙他對(duì)花椒行業(yè)的熱情，簡單的寒暄過后，針對(duì)我們提出的問題，他結(jié)合自身的創(chuàng)業(yè)體會(huì)侃侃而談，言語里充滿對(duì)這個(gè)行業(yè)的執(zhí)著和真知灼見。
花椒種植與生產(chǎn)，除了“量”的增加，更應(yīng)該注重提高品質(zhì)
王湖冬的花椒種植基地在南充市南部縣東壩鎮(zhèn)，自從2018年初合作社成立到現(xiàn)在，種植面積已經(jīng)從最初的700畝發(fā)展到2000畝，配套設(shè)施有烘干房、冷凍庫、冷藏庫，空氣能烘干設(shè)備、篩選機(jī)、色選機(jī)，提灌系統(tǒng)、田間灑水車等一應(yīng)俱全，年出產(chǎn)青花椒約30萬公斤。
相對(duì)于這種“量”上的變化，王湖冬其實(shí)更注重“質(zhì)”的提升。隨著生活水平的提高，現(xiàn)在人的消費(fèi)觀念已經(jīng)不同以往，在消費(fèi)方面不再只求低價(jià)，而更加注重高品質(zhì)。王湖冬說，花椒是一種地域性較強(qiáng)的商品性生產(chǎn)樹木，其品質(zhì)的優(yōu)劣和產(chǎn)量的高低，很大程度上取決于其對(duì)氣候條件的適應(yīng)力，尤其是受溫度的影響較大。因此，在擴(kuò)大種植規(guī)模的時(shí)候必須要有計(jì)劃、有步驟地發(fā)展花椒生產(chǎn)，克服盲目性，避免不必要的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。
(圖片來源：圖片由受訪者提供)
同時(shí)，花椒生產(chǎn)還應(yīng)該建立在科學(xué)管理的基礎(chǔ)上，徹底改變舊的觀念，只有依靠先進(jìn)的科學(xué)技術(shù)和管理方法，才能確保花椒的優(yōu)質(zhì)、高產(chǎn)、穩(wěn)產(chǎn)。與其盲目的求“量”大，不如在花椒病蟲害和花椒采收機(jī)械、人工干制系列技術(shù)以及花椒深加工技術(shù)等方面下功夫，徹底解決生產(chǎn)中存在的技術(shù)問題，不斷提高花椒生產(chǎn)的科技含量，進(jìn)而提升品質(zhì)。只有適應(yīng)了現(xiàn)代人“求精品”、“求安全”的消費(fèi)需求，花椒從業(yè)者才能獲得更好的收益。
充分調(diào)動(dòng)農(nóng)民積極性
王湖冬的合作社是以土地流轉(zhuǎn)和“公司+農(nóng)戶”模式組建的，在具體運(yùn)營中，農(nóng)戶變成了合作社的員工，除了土地流轉(zhuǎn)的收益外，每天還可以通過參加合作社的勞作來獲取相應(yīng)的工資。但是，當(dāng)農(nóng)民的身份轉(zhuǎn)變成工人以后，最突出的問題就是如何保證務(wù)工者的責(zé)任心和工作積極性。
在談到人員管理時(shí)，王湖冬分享了自己的一點(diǎn)經(jīng)驗(yàn)。比如農(nóng)戶的積極性如何長久保持?如何才能難免務(wù)工者消極怠工的現(xiàn)象。王湖冬的做法是分片包干，把合作社的花椒樹劃分給不同的人，誰負(fù)責(zé)的區(qū)域在采收的時(shí)候超過了預(yù)估的收成，就把超出部分的20%直接獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)給該區(qū)域的負(fù)責(zé)人。這樣一來，不但切實(shí)改變了務(wù)工者的消極懶散，花椒的產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)也都得了顯著提高，效果很明顯。
(圖片來源：圖片由受訪者提供)
才能讓風(fēng)險(xiǎn)可控從而利益化
任何一個(gè)行業(yè)都存在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，花椒行業(yè)同樣如此。在王湖冬的經(jīng)營體驗(yàn)中，花椒專業(yè)合作社和農(nóng)戶面臨的的問題是成本問題，如果投入過高，利潤肯定降低。反之，成本降低，利潤則增加?；ń沸袠I(yè)的成本投入包括：土地成本、人工成本和農(nóng)資成本(農(nóng)藥、肥料等生產(chǎn)資料)。
在上述三個(gè)成本中，土地成本無法降低，租金年年上漲，人工成本也是逐年上漲。能控制的唯有農(nóng)資成本，也只有農(nóng)資成本可以通過科學(xué)的管理方式來降低。王湖冬的具體做法是在花椒的每個(gè)生長期，依靠科學(xué)，合理施肥和用藥。另外就是通過聯(lián)合其他同行業(yè)的合作社抱團(tuán)發(fā)展，抱團(tuán)以后，在采購農(nóng)資時(shí)，可以通過集中采購的方法，這樣既能保障農(nóng)資的品質(zhì)，又能大大節(jié)約成本。
據(jù)王湖冬介紹，由于近年來花椒種植面積不斷擴(kuò)大，預(yù)估今后幾年都是花椒產(chǎn)品價(jià)格的低谷期，從業(yè)者應(yīng)該慎重?cái)U(kuò)大種植面積，先穩(wěn)定現(xiàn)有規(guī)模，在現(xiàn)有的基礎(chǔ)上，通過科學(xué)管理，逐步提升花椒品質(zhì)，擴(kuò)展豐富花椒初、深加工產(chǎn)品渠道，以高質(zhì)量的產(chǎn)品獲取更多的利潤。
是眾多小農(nóng)戶的心底之痛
經(jīng)銷商價(jià)格壟斷在花椒行業(yè)內(nèi)是一個(gè)老生常談的問題，由于小農(nóng)戶沒有固定的銷售渠道，大多都是在采收以后等待外地客商上門收購。在這種情況下，經(jīng)常會(huì)被收購商聯(lián)手，好產(chǎn)品賣不出好價(jià)格。
王湖冬結(jié)合自己的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，給同行們提出建議：可以根據(jù)自身實(shí)力，結(jié)合基地情況，適度添置花椒初加工設(shè)備，優(yōu)選高品質(zhì)的產(chǎn)品，通過初加工增加花椒的保鮮期，盡量自主投放到市場(chǎng)，從而提高收益。
專合社在商業(yè)化融資方面受阻是必然的
從事農(nóng)業(yè)的人大多都遭遇過不止一次的資金難題，因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)在的資本運(yùn)作方，包括都不愿意與農(nóng)民打交道。這主要是因?yàn)檗r(nóng)業(yè)投資受自然因素制約導(dǎo)致的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)太大，因此眾多農(nóng)民合作社和農(nóng)企因?yàn)橘Y金短缺導(dǎo)致發(fā)展受限也是必然的。比如，花椒小農(nóng)戶需要購買烘干設(shè)備，但是沒有足夠的資金，這必然會(huì)間接導(dǎo)致花椒的品質(zhì)下降，甚至影響收益。如何規(guī)避這一難題?王湖冬給出的建議是，農(nóng)業(yè)從業(yè)者一定要理性擴(kuò)大經(jīng)營規(guī)模，量力而行，把規(guī)模控制在自己資金鏈可以操作的范圍以內(nèi)，穩(wěn)步發(fā)展。
小農(nóng)戶聯(lián)合經(jīng)營才能突破局限
當(dāng)前，花椒的初加工主要體現(xiàn)在兩個(gè)方面，一是制干，二是保鮮。制干要通過烘烤，以往主要是通過烘房燒煤來烘干，這種方法比較落后，而且品質(zhì)無法保證，因?yàn)槊簾煏?huì)造成環(huán)境污染，受到環(huán)保方面的限制。另外就是燒煤烘干會(huì)導(dǎo)致花椒的二氧化硫和超標(biāo)，嚴(yán)重影響品質(zhì)。還有一種烘干方式是通過天然氣來烘干，天然氣的污染比較小，但是目前很多農(nóng)村還沒有通天然氣，無法推廣。
(圖片來源：新浪博客)
現(xiàn)在方式是通過專用烘干設(shè)備，但是烘干設(shè)備成本較高，普通小農(nóng)戶很難承受。因此王湖冬建議，小農(nóng)戶在初加工方面，可以聯(lián)合購買烘干設(shè)備、共建烘干房來降低初加工成本。
小農(nóng)戶只有抱團(tuán)發(fā)展才能讓利益化
現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不是單打獨(dú)斗的時(shí)代，在行業(yè)里面，單一農(nóng)戶的力量都太薄弱。現(xiàn)在需要的是抱團(tuán)發(fā)展，只有抱團(tuán)發(fā)展，才能共同抵抗風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。而加入行業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)，無疑是的抱團(tuán)方式。
(圖片來源：360圖庫)
今年，四川省農(nóng)村發(fā)展促進(jìn)會(huì)花椒產(chǎn)業(yè)專委會(huì)通過集中采購方式為會(huì)員訂購烘干設(shè)備，把烘干機(jī)的價(jià)格從8萬元一臺(tái)降低到了3.9萬元一臺(tái)，為農(nóng)戶節(jié)約了一半以上的成本。作為花椒專委會(huì)的副主任，王湖冬很興奮地介紹說，這種集中采購就是通過抱團(tuán)來實(shí)現(xiàn)了設(shè)備低成本。接下來，花椒專委會(huì)還將利用平臺(tái)優(yōu)勢(shì)，通過與其他行業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)之間的交流，獲取最新信息和資源，為會(huì)員們集中采購農(nóng)資等產(chǎn)品，這樣既能保證所采購產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量，還能極大的降低經(jīng)營成本和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
面對(duì)新媒體及互聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)
趨勢(shì)下的思路
談到這個(gè)問題，王湖冬饒有意味地說，現(xiàn)在各個(gè)行業(yè)都在“互聯(lián)網(wǎng)+”，但作為合作社如何利用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)、新媒體技術(shù)手段實(shí)現(xiàn)經(jīng)營管理目的，當(dāng)前可供參考的案例較少。合作社作為新型農(nóng)業(yè)主體，怎時(shí)間掌握有價(jià)值的信息，幫助自身打通從產(chǎn)銷對(duì)接、扶持政策、品牌推廣、農(nóng)資集采、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)指導(dǎo)、辦事服務(wù)等方面是一條不錯(cuò)的思路。四川農(nóng)村觀察在上述方面的布局也是值得廣大農(nóng)業(yè)從業(yè)者關(guān)注的，因?yàn)楹献魃绲木劢裹c(diǎn)是在生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營方面，不可能花過多的成本和精力在這方面去做文章，而且做了不一定專業(yè)。如果合作社及農(nóng)戶朋友能夠通過平臺(tái)一站式地找到對(duì)自身有價(jià)值的精準(zhǔn)信息，那將會(huì)極大降低整個(gè)行業(yè)從業(yè)者在信息獲取、服務(wù)對(duì)接上的時(shí)間成本、機(jī)會(huì)成本，同時(shí)把無效的信息過濾掉。
小農(nóng)人跟王湖冬的對(duì)話很快就過了2個(gè)小時(shí)，我們的采訪也到此結(jié)束了，感謝王總百忙之中抽出寶貴時(shí)間跟廣大花椒種植戶分享他的管理經(jīng)驗(yàn)。接下來，小農(nóng)人和團(tuán)隊(duì)會(huì)持續(xù)關(guān)注我們身邊優(yōu)秀的農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)營者、企業(yè)家，把他們實(shí)戰(zhàn)過程中的經(jīng)驗(yàn)、建議跟大家共同分享。
“解讀身邊優(yōu)秀案例，傳播行業(yè)榜樣人物”
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Interviewer: Wang Hudong, born in 1987, joined the army in 2007 and served in the Central Guard Corps for 8 years. After retiring in 2015, he gave up the good opportunity to work in Beijing and started his business with a feeling of hardship in his hometown. He is currently the deputy director of the Sichuan Provincial Rural Development Promotion Association Zanthoxylum Professional Committee, the head of the Donghuasheng Farmers Professional Cooperative in Nanbu County, and a large pepper grower.
Wen Gong: 18265677210
Liu Gong: 15767855089
(Image source: image provided by interviewee)
When the small farmer followed the editing team and saw Wang Hudong, he had just arrived in Chengdu from Nanchong, and his face tanned by the sun still had a trace of fatigue. But this does not hinder his enthusiasm for the pepper industry. After a simple greeting, he combined his own entrepreneurial experience to talk about the questions we asked, and his words were full of persistence and insights in the industry.
In addition to the increase in "quantity" in the cultivation and production of peppercorns, more attention should be paid to improving quality
Wang Hudong’s pepper planting base is in Dongba Town, Nanchong County, Nanchong City. Since the establishment of the cooperative in early 2018, the planting area has grown from 700 acres to 2,000 acres. The supporting facilities include drying rooms, freezers, cold storage, and air energy. Drying equipment, screening machines, color sorters, irrigation systems, field sprinklers, etc. are all available. The annual output of green pepper is about 300,000 kg.
Compared with this "quantity" change, Wang Hudong actually pays more attention to the improvement of "quality". With the improvement of living standards, people's consumption concept is different from the past. In terms of consumption, they no longer only seek low prices, but pay more attention to high quality. Wang Hudong said that Zanthoxylum bungeanum is a commercial tree with strong regional characteristics. Its quality and yield depend largely on its adaptability to climatic conditions, especially the temperature. Therefore, when expanding the scale of planting, it is necessary to develop the production of peppercorns in a planned and step-by-step manner to overcome blindness and avoid unnecessary economic losses.
(Image source: image provided by interviewee)
At the same time, the production of Zanthoxylum bungeanum should be established on the basis of scientific management, and the old concept should be compleby changed. Only by relying on advanced science and technology and management bs can the quality, high yield and stable production of Zanthoxylum bungeanum be ensured. Rather than blindly seeking "large quantity", it is better to work hard on pepper diseases and insect pests and pepper harvesting machinery, manual drying series technology and deep processing technology of peppercorns, thoroughly solve the technical problems existing in production, and continuously improve the technological content of pepper production. And then improve the quality. Only by adapting to the modern people's consumer demand of "seeking quality" and "seeking safety", can pepper practitioners obtain better benefits.
Fully mobilize the enthusiasm of farmers
Wang Hudong’s cooperative was established on the basis of land transfer and the “company + farmer” model. In specific operations, farmers became employees of the cooperative. In addition to the benefits of land transfer, they can also earn corresponding wages by participating in the cooperative’s work every day . However, when the status of a farmer is transbed into a worker, the most prominent problem is how to ensure the sense of responsibility and motivation of the migrant workers.
When talking about personnel management, Wang Hudong shared some of his own experience. For example, how can the enthusiasm of farmers be maintained for a long time? How can it be inevitable that the migrant workers will be passively sabotaged. Wang Hudong’s approach is to divide the cooperative’s pepper trees into different people. If the area responsible for harvesting exceeds the estimated harvest, 20% of the excess will be directly awarded to the person in charge of the area. . In this way, not only the passive indolence of migrant workers is effectively changed, the output and quality of peppercorns have also been significantly improved, and the effect is obvious.
(Image source: image provided by interviewee)
In order to make the risk controllable and maximize the benefits
There are risks in any industry, and the same applies to the pepper industry. In Wang Hudong's business experience, the biggest problem faced by the pepper professional cooperatives and farmers is the cost issue. If the investment is too high, the profit will definiby decrease. Conversely, as costs decrease, profits increase. The cost b of the pepper industry includes: land cost, labor cost and agricultural material cost (pesticide, fertilizer and other production materials).
Among the above three costs, the cost of land cannot be reduced, rents are rising year by year, and labor costs are also rising year by year. Only the cost of agricultural materials can be controlled, and only the cost of agricultural materials can be reduced through scientific management. Wang Hudong's specific b is to rely on science and rational fertilization and medication in each growth period of Zanthoxylum bungeanum. In addition, it is through the joint development of other cooperatives in the same industry. After the group, when purchasing agricultural materials, the centralized procurement b can be used, which can not only ensure the quality of agricultural materials, but also greatly save costs.
According to Wang Hudong, due to the continuous expansion of Zanthoxylum bungeanum plantation area in recent years, it is estimated that the price of Zanthoxylum bungeanum products will be in a low period in the next few years. Practitioners should carefully expand the planting area and stabilize the existing scale first. Manage, gradually improve the quality of Zanthoxylum bungeanum, expand and enrich the channels of early and deep-processed Zanthoxylum bungeanum products, and obtain more profits with high-quality products.
Is the heartache of many small farmers
Dealer price monopoly is a commonplace issue in the pepper industry. Since small farmers do not have a fixed sales channel, most of them wait for foreign merchants to come to purchase after harvesting. Under this circumstance, they are often suppressed jointly by the purchaser, and good products cannot be sold at good prices.
Combining his own experience, Wang Hudong made suggestions to his colleagues: According to his own strength and the situation of the base, he can appropriaby purchase the initial processing equipment of Chinese pepper, select high-quality products, increase the preservation period of Chinese pepper through the initial processing, and put it on the market independently as much as possible. Increase revenue.
It is inevitable that special cooperatives will be blocked in commercial financing
Most people engaged in agriculture have encountered funding difficulties more than once, because the current capital operators, including banks, are unwilling to deal with farmers. This is mainly because the risk of agricultural investment restricted by natural factors is too great. Therefore, it is inevitable that many farmer cooperatives and agricultural enterprises will be restricted in development due to shortage of funds. For example, small prickly ash farmers need to buy drying equipment, but they do not have enough funds, which will inevitably lead to a decline in the quality of prickly ash and even affect income. How to avoid this problem? Wang Hudong's advice is that agricultural practitioners must rationally expand the scale of their operations, do what they can, control the scale within the scope of their own capital chain, and develop steadily.
Only small farmers can work together to break through the limitations
At present, the primary processing of prickly ash is mainly embodied in two aspects, one is drying, and the other is keeping fresh. Drying needs to be baked. In the past, it was mainly dried by burning coal in a drying room. This b is relatively backward, and the quality cannot be guaranteed, because soot will cause environmental pollution, which is restricted by environmental protection. In addition, burning coal and drying will cause the sulfur dioxide and aflatoxin of pepper to exceed the standard, which will seriously affect the quality. Another drying b is to use natural gas to dry it. Natural gas pollution is relatively small, but at present, many rural areas have not yet received natural gas and cannot be promoted.
(Image source: Sina blog)
Now the best way is through special drying equipment, but the cost of drying equipment is high, and it is difficult for ordinary small farmers to bear it. Therefore, Wang Hudong suggested that small farmers can jointly purchase drying equipment and build a drying room to reduce the initial processing cost.
Small farmers can maximize their benefits only by group development
This is not the era of fighting alone. In the industry, the power of a single farmer is too weak. What is needed now is group development, and only group development can jointly resist risks. And joining an industry association is undoubtedly the best way to hold a group.
(Image source: 360 Gallery)
This year, the Sichuan Provincial Rural Development Promotion Association's Pepper Industry Committee ordered drying equipment for members through centralized procurement, reducing the price of the dryer from 80,000 yuan per unit to 39,000 yuan per unit, saving farmers more than half the cost of. As the deputy director of the Huajiao Special Committee, Wang Hudong was very excited to introduce that this kind of centralized procurement achieves low-cost equipment through grouping. Next, the Huajiao Special Committee will use the advantages of the platb to obtain the latest inbation and resources through exchanges with other industry associations, so as to intensively purchase agricultural materials and other products for members. This will not only ensure the quality of the purchased products, but also Can greatly reduce operating costs and risks.
Facing new media and internet technology
Thinking under the trend
Speaking of this issue, Wang Hudong said meaningfully that all industries are now "Internet +", but as a cooperative how to use the Internet and new media technology to achieve business and management purposes, there are currently fewer cases for reference. As a new type of agricultural entity, how can cooperatives grasp valuable inbation at the first time to help them get through the integration of production and marketing, support policies, brand promotion, collection of agricultural materials, risk warning, agricultural technology knowledge, expert guidance, and service services. Good idea. Sichuan Rural Observation’s layout in the above aspects is also worthy of the attention of the majority of agricultural practitioners, because the focus of the cooperative is on the production and operation. It is impossible to spend too much cost and energy on this aspect, and it is not necessarily professional. . If cooperatives and friends of farmers can find accurate inbation that is valuable to themselves through the platb, it will greatly reduce the time cost and opportunity cost of the entire industry practitioners in inbation acquisition and service connection, and at the same time, invalid inbation Filtered.
The conversation between the small farmer and Wang Hudong soon passed for 2 hours, and our interview is over. Thank you Mr. Wang for taking the time to share his management experience with the majority of pepper growers. Next, small farmers and teams will continue to pay attention to the outstanding agricultural operators and entrepreneurs around us, and share their experience and suggestions in the actual combat process with everyone.
"Interpreting excellent cases around you and disseminating industry role models"
Please continue to pay attention to Sichuan rural observation.
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